C (programming language) - Wikipedia. CParadigm. Imperative (procedural), structured. Designed by. Dennis Ritchie.

Developer. Dennis Ritchie & Bell Labs (creators); ANSI X3. J1. 1 (ANSI C); ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2. WG1. 4 (ISO C)First appeared. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, including operating systems, as well as various application software for computers ranging from supercomputers to embedded systems. C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1. Bell Labs. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) since 1. ANSI C) and subsequently by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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4. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie published the first edition of The C Programming Language. This book, known to C programmers as "K&R", served for many.

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C is an imperativeprocedural language. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, to provide low- level access to memory, to provide language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, and to require minimal run- time support. Despite its low- level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross- platform programming. A standards- compliant and portably written C program can be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.

The language has become available on a very wide range of platforms, from embedded microcontrollers to supercomputers. Overview. Like most imperative languages in the ALGOL tradition, C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines, which are called .

Function parameters are always passed by value. Pass- by- reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values. C program source text is free- format, using the semicolon as a statement terminator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements. The C language also exhibits the following characteristics: There is a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of flow of control primitives: for, if/else, while, switch, and do/while. User- defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.

There are a large number of arithmetical and logical operators, such as +, +=, ++, & , ~, etc. More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement. Function return values can be ignored when not needed. Typing is static, but weakly enforced: all data has a type, but implicit conversions may be performed.

Declarationsyntax mimics usage context. There is no . Unlike structs, arrays are not first- class objects; they cannot be assigned or compared using single built- in operators.

There is no . They are not tagged, and are freely interconvertible with integers. Strings are not a separate data type, but are conventionally implemented as null- terminated arrays of characters.

Low- level access to computer memory is possible by converting machine addresses to typed pointers. Procedures (subroutines not returning values) are a special case of function, with an untyped return type void. Functions may not be defined within the lexical scope of other functions. Function and data pointers permit ad hocrun- time polymorphism. A preprocessor performs macro definition, source code file inclusion, and conditional compilation. There is a basic form of modularity: files can be compiled separately and linked together, with control over which functions and data objects are visible to other files via static and extern attributes. Complex functionality such as I/O, string manipulation, and mathematical functions are consistently delegated to library routines.

While C does not include some features found in some other languages, such as object orientation or garbage collection, such features can be implemented or emulated in C, often by way of external libraries (e. Boehm garbage collector or the GLib Object System). Relations to other languages. Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C++, D, Go, Rust, Java, Java.

Script, Limbo, LPC, C#, Objective- C, Perl, PHP, Python, Swift, Verilog (hardware description language). These languages have drawn many of their control structures and other basic features from C. Most of them (with Python being the most dramatic exception) are also very syntactically similar to C in general, and they tend to combine the recognizable expression and statement syntax of C with underlying type systems, data models, and semantics that can be radically different. History. Early developments. The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system, originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP- 7 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, incorporating several ideas from colleagues.

Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a PDP- 1. The original PDP- 1. Unix was developed in assembly language.

The developers were considering rewriting the system using the B language, Thompson's simplified version of BCPL. Activities For The Talking Cloth Houghton on this page. The name of C was chosen simply as the next after B.

Earlier instances include the Multics system which was written in PL/I), and Master Control Program (MCP) for the Burroughs B5. ALGOL in 1. 96. 1. In around 1. 97. 7, Ritchie and Stephen C. Johnson made further changes to the language to facilitate portability of the Unix operating system.

Johnson's Portable C Compiler served as the basis for several implementations of C on new platforms. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as K& R C. The second edition of the book.

Separate tools such as Unix's lint utility were developed that (among other things) could check for consistency of function use across multiple source files. In the years following the publication of K& R C, several features were added to the language, supported by compilers from AT& T (in particular PCC. These included: The large number of extensions and lack of agreement on a standard library, together with the language popularity and the fact that not even the Unix compilers precisely implemented the K& R specification, led to the necessity of standardization. ANSI C and ISO CDuring the late 1.

C were implemented for a wide variety of mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers, including the IBM PC, as its popularity began to increase significantly. In 1. 98. 3, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee, X3. J1. 1, to establish a standard specification of C. X3. J1. 1 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non- portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to the IEEEworking group 1. POSIX standard. In 1. C standard was ratified as ANSI X3.

This version of the language is often referred to as ANSI C, Standard C, or sometimes C8. In 1. 99. 0, the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO/IEC 9. C9. 0. Therefore, the terms . National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication. One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a superset of K& R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as function prototypes (borrowed from C++), void pointers, support for international character sets and locales, and preprocessor enhancements.

Although the syntax for parameter declarations was augmented to include the style used in C++, the K& R interface continued to be permitted, for compatibility with existing source code. C8. 9 is supported by current C compilers, and most C code being written today is based on it.