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Raw image format - Wikipedia. This article is about a digital photography topic.

For storage virtualization topic, see IMG (file format). Raw image file. Filename extension. Type of format. Image file formats. A camera raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, image scanner, or motion picture film scanner. Normally, the image is processed by a raw converter in a wide- gamut internal color space where precise adjustments can be made before conversion to a . This often encodes the image in a device- dependent color space. There are dozens, if not hundreds, of raw formats in use by different models of digital equipment (like cameras or film scanners).

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Likewise, the process of converting a raw image file into a viewable format is sometimes called developing a raw image, by analogy with the film development process used to convert photographic film into viewable prints. The selection of the final choice of image rendering is part of the process of white balancing and color grading. Like a photographic negative, a raw digital image may have a wider dynamic range or color gamut than the eventual final image format, and it preserves most of the information of the captured image. The purpose of raw image formats is to save, with minimum loss of information, data obtained from the sensor, and the conditions surrounding the capturing of the image (the metadata). Raw image formats are intended to capture as closely as possible (i.

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The structure of raw files often follows a common pattern: A short file header which typically contains an indicator of the byte- ordering of the file, a file identifier and an offset into the main file data. Camera sensor metadata which is required to interpret the sensor image data, including the size of the sensor, the attributes of the CFA and its color profile. Image metadata which is required for inclusion in any CMS environment or database. These include the exposure settings, camera/scanner/lens model, date (and, optionally, place) of shoot/scan, authoring information and other. Some raw files contain a standardized metadata section with data in Exif format.

An image thumbnail. Optionally a reduced- size image in JPEG format, which can be used for a quick preview. In the case of motion picture film scans, either the timecode, keycode or frame number in the file sequence which represents the frame sequence in a scanned reel.

This item allows the file to be ordered in a frame sequence (without relying on its filename). The sensor image data. Many raw file formats, including IIQ (Phase One), 3.

FR (Hasselblad), DCR, K2. KDC (Kodak), CR2 (Canon), ERF (Epson), MEF (Mamiya), MOS (Leaf), NEF (Nikon), ORF (Olympus), PEF (Pentax), RW2 (Panasonic) and ARW, SRF, SR2 (Sony), are based on the TIFF file format. Raw files thus contain the full resolution (typically 1. The camera's sensor is almost invariably overlaid with a color filter array (CFA), usually a Bayer filter, consisting of a mosaic of a 2x. One variation on the Bayer filter is the RGBE filter of the Sony Cyber- shot DSC- F8.

RG rows with . Other sensors, such as the Foveon X3 sensor, capture information directly in RGB form (using three pixel sensors in each location). These RGB raw data still need to be processed to make an image file, because the raw RGB values correspond to the responses of the sensors, not to a standard color space like s. RGB. These data do not need to be demosaiced, however. Flatbed and film scanner sensors are typically straight narrow RGB or RGBI (where . The HDRi raw data format is able to store the infrared raw data, which can be used for infrared cleaning, as an additional 1. The remainder of the discussion about raw files applies to them as well.

The raw data are processed very rapidly inside the scanner to select out the best part of the available dynamic range so only the result is passed to the computer for permanent storage, reducing the amount of data transferred and therefore the bandwidth requirement for any given speed of image throughput.)To obtain an image from a raw file, this mosaic of data must be converted into standard RGB form. This is often referred to as . There is no single raw format; formats can be similar or radically different. Different manufacturers use their own proprietary and typically undocumented formats, which are collectively known as raw format. Often they also change the format from one camera model to the next.

Several major camera manufacturers, including Nikon, Canon and Sony, encrypt portions of the file in an attempt to prevent third- party tools from accessing them. The availability of high- quality open source software which decodes raw image formats, particularly dcraw, has helped to alleviate these concerns. An essay by Michael Reichmann and Juergen Specht stated . It is based upon, and compatible with, the ISO standard raw image format ISO 1. TIFF/EP, and is being used by ISO in their revision of that standard. The ISO standard raw image format is ISO 1.

TIFF/EP. TIFF/EP provided a basis for the raw image formats of a number of cameras. For example, Nikon's NEF raw files are based on TIFF/EP, and include a tag which identifies the version of TIFF/EP they are based on. By September 2. 00. DNG in newer camera models, including Leica, Samsung, Ricoh, Pentax, Hasselblad (native camera support); and, Better Light (export).

A progress report in September 2. Smaller companies and makers of . Pentax uses DNG as an optional alternative to their own raw image format. There are 1. 5 or more such companies, even including a few that specialize in movie cameras.

This processing, whether done in- camera or later in a raw- file converter, involves a number of operations, typically including. Some camera manufacturers do additional processing before saving raw files; for example, Nikon has been criticized by astrophotographers for applying noise reduction before saving the raw file. Although noise is discarded this has nothing to do with (visible) noise reduction.

Cameras that produce raw files save these settings in the file, but defer the processing. This results in an extra step for the photographer, so raw is normally only used when additional computer processing is intended.

However, raw has numerous advantages over JPEG such as: Many more shades of colors compared to JPEG files - raw files have 1. JPEG's gamma- compressed 8 bits (2. Higher image quality. Because all the calculations (such as applying gamma correction, demosaicing, white balance, brightness, contrast, etc..) used to generate pixel values (in RGB format for most images) are performed in one step on the base data, the resultant pixel values will be more accurate and exhibit less posterization. Bypassing of undesired steps in the camera's processing, including sharpening and noise reduction.

JPEG images are typically saved using a lossy compression format (though a lossless JPEG compression is now available). Raw formats typically use lossless compression or high- quality lossy compression. Finer control. Raw conversion software allows users to manipulate more parameters (such as lightness, white balance, hue, saturation, etc..) and do so with greater variability. For example, the white point can be set to any value, not just discrete preset values like . Furthermore, the user can typically see a preview while adjusting these parameters. The color space can be set to whatever is desired. Different demosaicing algorithms can be used, not just the one coded into the camera.

The contents of raw files include more information, and potentially higher quality, than the converted results, in which the rendering parameters are fixed, the color gamut is clipped, and there may be quantization and compression artifacts. Large transformations of the data, such as increasing the exposure of a dramatically under- exposed photo, result in fewer visible artifacts when done from raw data than when done from already rendered image files.