Wikipedia. This article is about the eight- track cartridge. For eight- track multitracking, see Multitrack recording. The 8- track tape (formally Stereo 8; commonly known as the eight- track cartridge, eight- track tape, or simply eight- track) is a magnetic tape sound- recording technology that was popular in the United States. It was a further development of the similar Stereo- Pak four- track cartridge introduced by Earl . A later quadraphonic version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1.

Quad- 8, then later changed to just Q8. History. Loading a reel of tape onto the machine and threading it through the various guides and rollers proved daunting to some casual users—certainly, it was more difficult than putting a vinyl record on a record player and flicking a switch. Because in early years each tape had to be dubbed from the master tape in real- time to maintain good sound quality, prerecorded tapes were more expensive to manufacture, and costlier to buy, than vinyl records which could be stamped much quicker than their own playing time. To eliminate the nuisance of tape- threading, various manufacturers introduced cartridges that held the tape inside a metal or plastic housing to eliminate handling. Cs Go Wallhack Free Download 2015 Christmas. Most were intended only for low- fidelity voice recording in dictation machines.

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The first tape cartridge designed for general consumer use, including music reproduction, was the Sound Tape or Magazine Loading Cartridge (RCA tape cartridge), introduced in 1. RCA. Prerecorded stereophonic music cartridges were available, and blank cartridges could be used to make recordings at home, but the format failed to gain popularity. Development of tape cartridges. The black rubber pinch roller is at upper right. The endless loop tape cartridge was first designed in 1. Bernard Cousino around a single reel carrying a continuous loop of standard 1/4- inch, plastic, oxide- coated recording tape running at 3. Program starts and stops were signaled by a one- inch- long metal foil that activates the track- change sensor.

He would be inspired by Earl Muntz's four- track design in the early 1. Inventor George Eash invented a cartridge design in 1. Fidelipac cartridge.

Fidelipac cartridges (nicknamed . Eash later formed Fidelipac Corporation to manufacture and market tapes and recorders, as did several others, including Audio- Pak (Audio Devices Corp.). There were several attempts to sell music systems for cars, beginning with the Chrysler Highway Hi- Fi of the late 1. Entrepreneur Earl . In 1. 96. 2 he introduced his Stereo- Pak four- track cartridge stereo system and tapes, mostly in California and Florida. The four tracks were divided into two . He licensed popular music albums from the major record companies and duplicated them on these four- track cartridges, or .

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The major change was to incorporate a neoprene rubber and nylon pinch roller into the cartridge itself, rather than to make the pinch roller a part of the tape player, reducing mechanical complexity. Lear also eliminated some of the internal parts of the Eash cartridge, such as the tape- tensioning mechanism and an interlock that prevented tape spillage. By doubling the number of tracks from 4 to 8. Most of the initial factory installations were separate players from the radio (such as shown in the image), but dashboard mounted 8- track units were offered in combination with an AM radio, as well as with AM/FM receivers.

With the backing of the US automakers, the eight- track format quickly won out over the four- track format, with Muntz abandoning it completely by late 1. Despite its problems, the format gained steady popularity because of its convenience and portability. Home players were introduced in 1.

By the late 1. 96. With the availability of cartridge systems for the home, consumers started thinking of eight- tracks as a viable alternative to vinyl records, not only as a convenience for the car. Within a year, prerecorded releases on eight- track began to arrive within a month of the vinyl release.

The eight- track format became by far the most popular and offered the largest music library of all the tape systems. Optional 8- track players were available in many cars and trucks through the early 1. Ampex, based in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, set up a European operation (Ampex Stereo Tapes) in London, England, in 1. Gerry Hall, with manufacturing in Nivelles, Belgium, to promote 8- track product (as well as musicassettes) in Britain and in Europe, but it struggled and folded in 1. Neither Chrysler, General Motors, nor American Motors ever offered a quadraphonic tape player. The format enjoyed a moderate amount of success for a time but faded in the mid- 1.

These cartridges are sought by collectors since they provide four channels of discrete sound, unlike matrixed formats such as SQ, which Columbia/CBS Records used for their quadraphonic vinyl records. Early karaoke machines! The compact cassette arrived in 1. In some Latin American countries as well as European, the format was abandoned in the mid- 1. The UK never had as much use as the compact cassette in cars and home players were almost unknown in the UK. In the US, eight- track cartridges were phased out of retail stores by late 1. Some titles were still available as eight- track tapes through Columbia House and RCA (BMG) Music Service Record Clubs until late 1.

Many of these late- period releases are highly collectible because of the low numbers that were produced and the few customers who ever purchased them. Among the most rare is Stevie Ray Vaughan's Texas Flood. Another is Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band's Live/1. There is a debate among collectors about the last commercial eight- track released by a major label, but the fan website 8 Track Heaven cannot find a major label release past Fleetwood Mac's Greatest Hits in November 1.

It was used to play and switch jingles, advertisements, station identifications, and music content until it was replaced by various computer- based methods in the 1. This format survived longer because it was used for relatively short sound loops, where starting from the beginning was more important than other criteria. The endless loop tape concept continues to be used in modern movie projectors, although in that application the spool is actively rotated and not drawn by tension on the film. That too, however, is being supplanted by digital cinema technologies. C By Example Greg Perry Download Music. Some independent artists still release eight- track tapes, such as the US band RTB2, who released We Are a Strange Man in 2. In the book Journals, Kurt Cobain wrote about wanting to release Nirvana's album In Utero as an 8- track tape, but this never happened.

Apart from a select group of highly collectible artists, the record club issues, and the quadraphonic releases, many eight- track tapes seem to have limited value to most collectors, especially if the tapes have been misused or appear to be worn. In the Cousino, Eash, Muntz, and Lear cartridges, tape was pulled from the center of the reel, passed across the opening at one end of the cartridge and wound back onto the outside of the same reel. The spool itself was freewheeling and the tape was driven only by tension from the capstan and pinch roller.

With a reel turning at a constant rate, the tape around the hub has a lower linear velocity than the tape at the outside of the reel, so the tape layers must slip past each other as they approach the center. The tape was coated with a slippery backing material, usually graphite and patented by Bernard Cousino, to ease the continuous slip between the tape layers. While the design allowed simple, cheap, and mobile players, unlike a two- reel system, it did not permit rewinding of the tape. Some players offered fast- forward by speeding up the motor while cutting off the audio; but rewinding was never offered, because it was technically impossible. Muntz's cartridge had used two pairs of stereo tracks in the same configuration as then- current .

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