Android (operating system) - Wikipedia. Android. Android 7. Nougat home screen. Developer. Written in. Java (UI), C (core), C++. Android's user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real- world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on- screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input.

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on game consoles, digital cameras, PCs and other electronics.

Initially developed by Android Inc., which Google bought in 2. Android was unveiled in 2. Open Handset Alliance – a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2. Android applications (. Android has been the best- selling OS on tablets since 2.

As of May 2. 01. 7. Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready- made, low- cost and customizable operating system for high- tech devices. Its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open- source code as a foundation for community- driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems. The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades, with new versions of the operating system and security patches typically taking months before reaching consumers, or sometimes not at all. The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies.

History. Former Android logo wordmark (2. Android Inc. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $1. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated . Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called . During its announcement of Android Kit. Kat in 2. 01. 3, Google explained that .

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The series was described as having . He left Google in August 2.

Chinese phone maker Xiaomi. Internal hardware, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented. Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto- updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen. This status bar can be . A Recents screen lets users switch between recently used apps. Initially, Google's supported integrated development environment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin; in December 2. Google released Android Studio, based on Intelli.

J IDEA, as its primary IDE for Android application development. Other development tools are available, including a native development kit (NDK) for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers, and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks. In January 2. 01.

Google unveiled an framework based on Apache Cordova for porting Chrome. HTML 5web applications to Android, wrapped in a native application shell. Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software. Examples of these third- party stores have included the Amazon Appstore, Get. Jar, and Slide. Me.

F- Droid, another alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and open sourcelicenses. When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that, while available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. The software is available for developers, and was released in 2. Hardware. HTC Dream or T- Mobile G1, the first commercially released device running Android (2.

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM (ARMv. ARMv. 8- A architectures), with x. MIPS and MIPS6. 4, and x. Android. Since 2. Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones. While gaining support for 6. Android was first made to run on 6.

ARM6. 4. Since Android 5. How To Install A Sissy Bar On A Harley Davidson. Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the Open. GL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.

Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if they are present. Some other hardware was initially required, but those requirements have been relaxed or eliminated altogether.

For example, as Android was developed initially as a phone OS, hardware such as microphones were required, while over time the phone function became optional. The design team was tasked with a project to create a universally identifiable icon with the specific inclusion of a robot in the final design. After numerous design developments based on science fiction and space movies, the team eventually sought inspiration from the human symbol on restroom doors and modified the figure into a robot shape. As Android is open- source, it was agreed that the logo should be likewise, and since its launch the green logo has been reinterpreted into countless variations on the original design. Except for devices within the Google Nexus brand, updates often arrive months after the release of the new version, or not at all. One of those components, Google Play Services, is a closed- source system- level process providing APIs for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2. With these changes, Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself.

As stated by Bloomberg: . Hiroshi Lockheimer, the Android lead, admitted that . Wireless carriers were described in the report as the .

HTC's then- executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates . In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public. Mike Chan, co- founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that . As of 2. 01. 7, Android devices mainly use versions 3. Linux kernel. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known on the desktop). However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android, which is used frequently by the open- source community to enhance the capabilities of their devices. Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of other Android's source code bases.

Until version 5. 0, Android used Dalvik as a process virtual machine with trace- based just- in- time (JIT) compilation to run Dalvik . Following the trace- based JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments (. In Android 4. 4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default; it became the only runtime option in the next major version of Android, 5. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel.