Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web – Chapter 2. CSSThis is chapter 2 of the book Cascading Style Sheets, designing for the Web, by H. The HTML specification lists guidelines on how browsers.

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For example, you can be reasonably. Also, you can pretty much. But beyond trust. CSS puts the designer in the driver's seat. We. devote much of the rest of this book to explaining what you can do. CSS. In this chapter, we begin by introducing you to the.

CSS and HTML work. You can either. use a normal text editor and write the style sheets . The dedicated tools allow you to. CSS. language. However, in many cases the designer will want to tweak. CSSs by hand. Let's get started!

A rule is. a statement about one stylistic aspect of one or more elements. A. style sheet is a set of one. HTML document. The rule above sets. Let's take a quick look at what the visual result of. Figure 2. 1 We will now start dissecting the rule. It specifies. what elements are affected by the declaration.

The declaration is that part of the. In the example. above, the selector is h. Microsoft Word Extract Pages Documents.

Any HTML element type can be used as a type. Type selectors are the simplest kind of selectors. We. discuss other kinds of selectors in. In the. previous example, it is color. In the example, it is. The curly. braces (. We figured. that if we could reduce the size of style sheets, we could enable.

CSS therefore includes. For example, we. could write a style sheet with these two rules. H1 . A semicolon separates the declarations and may - . Also, to make your code easier to read, we suggest. However, you're not done yet.

In order for the style. That is, the style sheet and the. HTML document must be combined so that they can work together to. This can be done in any of four ways. Apply the basic, document- wide style sheet. We discuss. using the style attribute in. The style element was introduced in HTML.

HTML. documents. Here's a style sheet (shown in bold) glued to a sample. Among his works are. LI> the Goldberg Variations. LI> the Brandenburg Concertos.

LI> the Christmas Oratorio. UL>. < H2> Historical perspective< /H2>. P> Bach composed in what has been referred to as. Baroque period. However, whereas the content of such elements as. Rather, it is the effect of the. So you don't see .

No rules. have been added that affect any of the other elements, so those. Most browsers that are.

CSS, for example Microsoft Internet. Explorer 4 (IE4), Netscape Navigator 4 (NS4) and Opera 3.

O3. 5). Chances are that the people you communicate with have. CSS- enhanced browsers. If not, give them a reason to upgrade! When you start. experi. In general. newer browsers behave better than older ones.

IE4 and O3. 5 are. Netscape's next offering - code- named Gecko - . CSS. CSS was carefully designed so that all. CSS. Some browsers, such as Netscape's Navigator version 2. Thus, the user will end up with the style sheet printed.

At the time of writing, only a few. Web users will experience this problem. To avoid this. you can put your style sheet inside an HTML comment, which we discussed. Chapter  1. . Because comments don't display on the screen, by placing your. HTML comment, you prevent the oldest. CSS- enhanced browsers are aware of this trick. The comment encloses.

HTML>. < TITLE> Bach's home page< /TITLE>. STYLE>. H1 . CSS is currently the only style. HTML docu. For XML the situation might be different. But just. as there is more than one image format (GIF, JPEG and PNG come to. So it's. a good habit to tell browsers that they are dealing with CSS. The value of type indicates what type of style sheet is being used. If it does, it will.

The type attribute (see. Chapter  1. for a discussion on HTML attributes) on the style element is a way to let the browser know which. The type attribute must be included. There are many reasons. For style sheets, there is.

Just as children inherit from. HTML elements. Instead of inheriting genes. HTML elements inherit stylistic properties. Among his. works are. LI> the Goldberg Variations. LI> the Brandenburg Concertos.

LI> the Christmas Oratorio. UL>. < /BODY>. HTML> The tree structure of this document is.

Through inheritance, CSS property values set on one. For. example, our examples have up to now set the color to be green for. Now, say, you would like to set the same color on all. You could do this by listing all. STYLE TYPE=. Instead of setting the. STYLE TYPE=. Since the body element. Sometimes, however, children.

Not surprisingly, CSS also accounts. Say you would like for h. This is easily. expressed in CSS. STYLE TYPE=. The first one sets the color of. Which rule will win? Let's find. The reason why the second rule wins is that it is. CSS. is not a programming language, and in the above example, the order.

The result is exactly the same if we use this style. STYLE TYPE=. Specificity is one aspect of. You can find the details in Chapter  1. We will use the background property (described in Chapter 1. This. is a common effect on the Web. In CSS, you can write.

HTML>. < TITLE> Bach's home page< /TITLE>. STYLE TYPE=. When the image is loaded, the canvas looks like.

There are a few noteworthy things in the above. The background image covers the surface like. This is not due to inheritance, but to the fact that. So, since. we haven't set the backgrounds of the h.

In case the. image can't be found, you will see the color instead. To ensure contrast. Visually, the effect of.

There are two reasons: first. Second, since background images. Other common. tasks include setting fonts and white space around elements. This. section gives you a guided tour of the most commonly used. CSS. If you have used desktop. H1 . The first part of the value - . In the next chapter we will.

The second part of the value - serif - tells the browser to use a font with. Chapter  5. will tell you all about them). The more decorated serif fonts. Bach's home page well since the modern sans- serif fonts. Here is the. property is a shorthand property for setting several other. By using it, you can shorten your style.

If you. choose to use the expanded version, you would have to set all of. Here is. an example.

UL . When set on the ul element, the li elements inside will become slanted, since font- style is inherited. Here is the. result when applied to the test page you know by now. Similarly, the font- weight property is used to change the weight - .

You can further emphasize the list. UL . The headline above this paragraph has space above it. This paragraph, as printed in. For example, it. knows that lists and blockquote. As a designer, you can build on these settings while at. Let's use the blockquote element as an example. Here's a. test document.

HTML>. < TITLE> Fredrick the Great meets Bach< /TITLE>. P> One evening, just as Fredrick the Great was. With. his flute in his hand he ran over the list. BLOCKQUOTE>. In CSS, this space is called . The properties. are called: margin- top, margin- right, margin- bottom, and margin- left. You can change how the blockquote element is displayed by writing.

BLOCKQUOTE . So, the above example will result in. To make sure. the quoted text can still be distinguished, it has been given an. The result is. Just like font. The above example can. BLOCKQUOTE . From there it's.

Setting. font- style to italic helps, and adding a background color further. BLOCKQUOTE . Unlike previous examples, the color was specified in. RGB) components. RGB colors are described in. Chapter. 1. 1 . The space around. CSS has another kind of space, called padding. In other respects.

Let's add some padding to the quote. BLOCKQUOTE . Just like the margin property, padding could have taken 4 values which would have. However, when the same value is to be set on all. This is true both for. See Space around boxes. HTML browsers have often underlined hyperlink. Also, various color schemes have been used to indicate if.

Since hyperlinks. Web, CSS has special support. Here's a simple example. A: link . When authors do not.

The interaction between author styles, browser.